Batteries / Chargers

Typically reserved for high amp draw performance applications Turnigy nano-tech batteries represent the pinnacle of performance, reliability and value for money. Taking these same manufacturing principles and technology, our engineers crafted a line of transmitter specific Lipoly batteries for those seeking dependability, quality and life cycle. 

Turnigy Lipoly packs are unequalled by any other battery on the market today. When quality counts go with the worlds most trusted performance battery.  

*Note: This is a Lipoly battery. You will need to use a Lipoly compatible battery charger when charging these batteries. It is advised not to use a built in charger as personal damage may occur. The battery should be removed and charged on a Lipoly specific charger.

Spec.
Capacity: 3000mAh
Voltage: 2S2P / 2 Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 20C Constant / 40C Burst
Weight: 146g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 88 x 34 x 25mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: JR & JST

Typically reserved for high amp draw performance applications Turnigy nano-tech batteries represent the pinnacle of performance, reliability and value for money. Taking these same manufacturing principles and technology, our engineers crafted a line of transmitter specific LiFePo4 batteries for those seeking dependability, quality and life cycle unequalled by any other battery on the market today. When quality counts go with the worlds most trusted battery.

Turnigy nano-tech LiFePo4 batteries (a lithium-ion-derived chemistry) utilize lithium iron phosphate as a cathode material which offers exceptionally long cycle life and greater thermal/chemical stability when compared to a standard Lipoly battery.

*Note: This is a LiFePo4 battery. You will need to use a LiFePo compatible battery charger when charging these batteries. NEVER attempt to charge these batteries in standard Lipoly mode or with a non-LiFePo compatible charger as damage or personal injury may occur.

Spec.
Capacity: 1700mAh
Voltage: 2S2P / 2 Cell / 6.6V
Discharge: 20C Constant / 40C Burst
Weight: 97g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 56 x 31 x 34mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: JST & Futaba

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilizing an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and higher discharge rates than similar density lithium polymer (non-nano-tech) batteries.

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rate than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) batteries.

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves and excellent performance. For pilots, it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance. Excellent news for 3D pilots!

Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY nano-techs are the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!

Typically reserved for high amp draw performance applications Turnigy Nano-Tech batteries represent the pinnacle of performance, reliability, and value for money. Taking these same manufacturing principles and technology, our engineers crafted a line of transmitter/receiver-specific LiFePo4 batteries for those seeking dependability, quality, and life cycle unequaled by any other battery on the market today. When quality counts go with the world's most trusted battery.

Turnigy Nano-Tech LiFePo4 batteries (lithium-ion-derived chemistry) utilize lithium iron phosphate as a cathode material. This offers an exceptionally long cycle life and greater thermal/chemical stability when compared to a standard LiPo battery.

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilizing an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rate than similar density lithium polymer (non-nano-tech) batteries.

Each cell is hand-picked and matched for the ultimate in quality to deliver the power, durability and run time needed for the high performance models of today. Each pack is checked and tested at each stage of assembly to guarantee the highest possible quality. This careful matching and checking process allows the packs to achieve a mind boggling discharge rate of up to 140C. If you're the discerning racer or hardcore basher that needs to squeeze every last drop of performance out of your batteries, this is the pack for you!

More than just a fancy name the TURNIGY Nano-Tech lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rate than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) battery.

More than just a fancy name the TURNIGY Nano-Tech lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rate than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) battery.

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious peformance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rates than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) batteries. 

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves and excellent performance. For pilots it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance. Excellent news for 3D pilots!  

Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY nano-techs are the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance! 

Spec.
Capacity: 1800mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2 Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 25C Constant / 50C Burst
Weight: 106g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 108x33x19mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: XT60 

Advantages over traditional Lipoly batteries;
• Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
• Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
• Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mO compared to that of 3mO of a standard Lipoly.
• Greater thermal control, pack usually doesn’t exceed 60degC
• Swelling during heavy load doesn’t exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly.
• Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
• Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
• Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology.

The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives. The nanometer conductive additives form ultra-strong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity. 

These additives create the ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels. This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion. Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious peformance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rates than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) batteries.

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves and excellent performance. For pilots it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance. Excellent news for 3D pilots! 

Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY nano-techs are the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!

Spec.
Capacity: 2250mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2 Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 65C Constant / 130C Burst
Weight: 142g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 103 x 35 x 19mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: XT60 

Advantages over traditional Lipoly batteries;
• Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
• Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
• Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mO compared to that of 3mO of a standard Lipoly.
• Greater thermal control, pack usually doesn’t exceed 60degC
• Swelling during heavy load doesn’t exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly.
• Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
• Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
• Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology.

The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives. The nanometer conductive additives form ultra-strong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity.

These additives create the ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels. This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion. Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.

Turnigy LiPo battery packs are well known for delivering excellent performance and durability in your favorite RC cars, and trucks. The Turnigy Rapid range continues this pedigree by using cutting-edge technology to achieve even better performance, greater cycle life, and lower internal resistance. These packs are capable of delivering an incredible discharge rate of 100C! Please note though that these packs have been specially designed for racing, and punch out of corners on a race track, etc, they are not suitable for the prolonged discharge rates that you require for airplanes.

Now officially approved by ROAR for race use!

"Shorty" Packs are designed to give you an extra tuning advantage when setting up your ride, while the pack shares the same width and depth as a conventional 2 cell 7.4v Hardcase Lipoly battery, the length has been reduced. In a standard 1/10th scale vehicle this shorter length allows the pack to be moved forward or backward giving you a tuning option previously unheard of. Maximize your air time with a perfectly balanced Truck, Buggy, or SCT using nano-tech shorty packs!

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech lithium polymer batteries are built with a LiCo nano-technology substrate complex greatly improving power transfer making the oxidation/reduction reaction more efficient, this helps electrons pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance.
 
In short, less voltage sag and a higher discharge rate than a similar density lithium polymer (non-nano-tech) battery.
 
Unfortunately with other big brands, numbers, ratings, and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY nano-tech is the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!
 

Please note: This pack is compatible with the following popular models.

Traxxas:
• Rustler 2WD
• Rustler 4x4
• Slash 2WD
• Slash 4WD
• Drag Slash
• Maxx
• E-Revo
• 4-Tec 3.0
• 4-Tec 2.0
• TRX-4
• Hoss

Arrma:
• Granite
• Kraton

When it comes to putting rounds down range, no one wants to compromise on fire power! thats why the legendary Turnigy nano-tech batteries are now available for Airsoft combat. Higher motor RPM, less voltage sag and extended operating times equal better performance from your weapon of choice.

The nano-tech Airsoft series also feature 5C charge ratings putting you back on the front line faster!

Get an unfair advantage and make sure your opponents know that they have been taken out by nano-tech!

Spec.
Capacity: 1800mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2S Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 20C Constant / 40C Burst
Weight: 100g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 103x14x34mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: Mini-Tamiya (Mini Molex)
 
The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives.
 
1) The nanometer conductive additives form ultrastrong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity.
2) These additives create a superstrong ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels. This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion.
Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.
 
Advantages over traditional Lipo batteries:
-Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
-Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
-Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mΩ compared to that of 3mΩ of a standard Lipoly.
-Greater thermal control, pack usually doesnt exceed 60degC
-Thickness swelling during heavy load doesnt exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly   during heavy load.
-Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
-Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
-Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology

*The length of balance charging wire may vary

Get an unfair advantage with Turnigy Nano-tech Airsoft Packs!

On the battlefeild, no one wants to compromise on fire power! That's why the legendary Turnigy nano-tech batteries are available as a drop-in replacement pack for an upgrade in firepower. 

Turnigy Nano-tech Airsoft batteries are superior to the standard NiMH batteries offering faster charge rates and higher voltages. In short, the first thing your opponent will notice is sustained rapid fire pinning him down.

It's clear why Turnigy Nano-techs are the go to pack for anyone who is serious about Airsoft.

Spec.
Capacity: 1800mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2S Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 25C Constant / 50C Burst
Weight: 100g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 103x13x35mm 
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: Mini-Tamiya (Mini Molex)
 

Advantages over traditional Lipoly batteries;
• Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
• Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
• Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mO compared to that of 3mO of a standard Lipoly.
• Greater thermal control, pack usually doesn’t exceed 60degC
• Swelling during heavy load doesn’t exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly.
• Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
• Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
• Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology.

The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives. The nanometer conductive additives form ultra-strong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity.

These additives create the ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels.This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion. Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.

*Note: The length of Balance charging wire may vary

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY Nano-Tech LiPo batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilizing an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and higher discharge rates than similar density lithium polymer (non-Nano-Tech) batteries.

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves, and excellent performance. For pilots, it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance, excellent news for 3D pilots! Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings, and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY Nano-Techs is the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!

Get an unfair advantage with Turnigy Nano-tech Airsoft Packs!

On the battlefeild, no one wants to compromise on fire power! That's why the legendary Turnigy nano-tech batteries are available as a drop-in replacement pack for an upgrade in firepower. 

Turnigy Nano-tech Airsoft batteries are superior to the standard NiMH batteries offering faster charge rates and higher voltages. In short, the first thing your opponent will notice is sustained rapid fire pinning him down.

It's clear why Turnigy Nano-techs are the go to pack for anyone who is serious about Airsoft.

Spec.
Capacity: 2000mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2S Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 15C Constant / 25C Burst
Weight: 106g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 127x19x21mm 
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: Mini-Tamiya (Mini Molex) 

Advantages over traditional Lipoly batteries;
• Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
• Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
• Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mO compared to that of 3mO of a standard Lipoly.
• Greater thermal control, pack usually doesn’t exceed 60degC
• Swelling during heavy load doesn’t exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly.
• Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
• Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
• Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology.

The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives. The nanometer conductive additives form ultra-strong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity.

These additives create the ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels.This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion. Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.

*The length of balance charging wire may vary

Turnigy batteries are known the world over for performance, reliability and price. It’s no surprise to us that Turnigy Lipoly packs are the go-to pack for those in the know. Turnigy batteries deliver the full rated capacity at a price everyone can afford.  

Turnigy batteries are equipped with heavy duty discharge leads to minimise resistance and sustain high current loads. Turnigy batteries stand up to the punishing extremes of aerobatic flight and RC vehicles. Each pack is equipped with gold plated connectors and JST-XH style balance connectors. All Turnigy Lipoly batteries packs are assembled using IR matched cells.

You won’t find a better deal in Lipoly batteries anywhere!

Spec.
Minimum Capacity: 3600mAh
Configuration: 2S1P / 7.4v / 2Cell
Constant Discharge: 12C
Pack Weight: 165g
Pack Size: 65 x 50 x 28mm
Charge Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: JR style

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY nano-tech Lipoly batteries were designed from the ground up with serious peformance in mind. Utilising an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and a higher discharge rates than a similar density lithium polymer (non nano-tech) batteries.

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves and excellent performance. For pilots it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance. Excellent news for 3D pilots! 

Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY nano-techs are the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!

Spec.
Capacity: 2200mAh
Voltage: 2S1P / 2 Cell / 7.4V
Discharge: 35C Constant / 50C Burst
Weight: 139g (including wire, plug & case)
Dimensions: 116x36x19mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: XT60    

Advantages over traditional Lipoly batteries;
• Power density reaches 7.5 kw/kg.
• Less Voltage sag during high rate discharge, giving more power under load.
• Internal impedance can reach as low as 1.2mO compared to that of 3mO of a standard Lipoly.
• Greater thermal control, pack usually doesn’t exceed 60degC
• Swelling during heavy load doesn’t exceed 5%, compared to 15% of a normal Lipoly.
• Higher capacity during heavy discharge. More than 90% at 100% C rate.
• Fast charge capable, up to 15C on some batteries.
• Longer Cycle Life, almost double that of standard lipoly technology.

The nano-core technology in lithium ion batteries is the application of nanometer conductive additives. The nanometer conductive additives form ultra-strong electron-conducting networks in the electrodes which can increase electronic conductivity.

These additives create the ability for imbibition in the carrier liquid to supply more ion channels. This improves the ability of ion transmission and ion diffusion. Through improving electronic conductivity and ion transmission, the impedance is reduced and the polarization of high rate discharge decreases greatly.

Turnigy batteries are known the world over for performance, reliability and price. It’s no surprise to us that Turnigy Lipoly packs are the go-to pack for those in the know. Turnigy batteries deliver the full rated capacity at a price everyone can afford.

Turnigy batteries are equipped with heavy duty discharge leads to minimise resistance and sustain high current loads. Turnigy batteries stand up to the punishing extremes of aerobatic flight and RC vehicles. Each pack is equipped with gold plated connectors and JST-XH style balance connectors. All Turnigy Lipoly batteries packs are assembled using IR matched cells.

Turnigy batteries are known the world over for performance, reliability and price. It’s no surprise to us that Turnigy Lipoly packs are the go-to pack for those in the know. Turnigy batteries deliver the full rated capacity at a price everyone can afford.

Turnigy batteries are equipped with heavy duty discharge leads to minimize resistance and sustain high current loads. Turnigy batteries stand up to the punishing extremes of aerobatic flight and RC vehicles. Each pack is equipped with gold plated connectors and JST-XH style balance connectors. All Turnigy Lipoly batteries packs are assembled using IR matched cells.

You won’t find a better deal in Lipoly batteries anywhere!

Graphene LiPo batteries are a World Champion Product capable of maintaining greater power output while remaining cooler under load & go harder for longer. Graphene batteries are the new standard for serious hobbyists who require POWER ON DEMAND.

Turnigy batteries are known for performance, reliability and price. Turn to Turnigy lipoly batteries to enjoy full rated capacity at an affordable price. 

More than just a fancy name. TURNIGY Nano-Tech LiPo batteries were designed from the ground up with serious performance in mind. Utilizing an advanced LiCo nano-technology substrate that allows electrons to pass more freely from anode to cathode with less internal impedance. In short; less voltage sag and higher discharge rates than similar density lithium polymer (non-Nano-Tech) batteries.

For those who love graphs, it means higher voltage under load, straighter discharge curves, and excellent performance. For pilots, it spells stronger throttle punches and unreal straight-up performance, excellent news for 3D pilots! Unfortunately with other big brands; numbers, ratings, and graphs can be fudged. Rest assured, TURNIGY Nano-Techs is the real deal, delivering unparalleled performance!

Typically reserved for high amp draw performance applications Turnigy Nano-Tech batteries represent the pinnacle of performance, reliability, and value for money. Taking these same manufacturing principles and technology, our engineers crafted a line of transmitter/receiver-specific LiFePo4 batteries for those seeking dependability, quality, and life cycle unequaled by any other battery on the market today. When quality counts go with the world's most trusted battery.

Turnigy Nano-Tech LiFePo4 batteries (lithium-ion-derived chemistry) utilize lithium iron phosphate as a cathode material. This offers an exceptionally long cycle life and greater thermal/chemical stability when compared to a standard LiPo battery.

Turnigy Hardcase lipo battery packs have been renowned over the years for delivering performance and durability at an affordable price for RC vehicles. The Turnigy Rapid range continues this pedigree by using cutting-edge technology to achieve even better performance, greater cycle life, lower internal resistance, and an incredible discharge rate of up to 140C. In fact, the performance of these packs is some of the best we've ever tested!

Please note: This pack is compatible with the following popular models.

Traxxas:
• Rustler 2WD
• E-Revo
• TRX-4
• Hoss

Arrma:
• Granite
• Kraton

Turnigy LiPo battery packs are well known for delivering excellent performance and durability in your favorite RC cars, and trucks. The Turnigy Rapid range continues this pedigree by using cutting-edge technology to achieve even better performance, greater cycle life, and lower internal resistance. These packs are capable of delivering an incredible discharge rate of 100C! Please note though that these packs have been specially designed for racing, and punch out of corners on a race track, etc, they are not suitable for the prolonged discharge rates that you require for airplanes.

The Turnigy Rapid Orange series of high voltage hardcase lithium polymer batteries are here and ready to bring out the next level of power to your high-performance RC cars. Turnigy Rapid batteries are built to the highest of standards to provide competition-level performance, a greater cycle life, and a lower internal resistance. With features such as gold-plated balance leads, silver-plated discharge wires, and a reformulated matrix to allow you to safely charge them up to 4.35 volts per cell! The Rapid hardcase packs have been specially designed for racing, and punch out of corners on a race track, etc; they are not suitable for the prolonged discharge rates that you require for airplanes.

Specs:
Capacity: 6200mAh
Voltage: 2S1P/2-Cell/7.6V
Discharge: 100C Constant
Weight: 245g (including wire, plug, & case)
Dimensions: 139x47x23mm
Balance Plug: JST-XH
Discharge Plug: XT60 Connector

Turnigy LiPo battery packs are well known for delivering excellent performance and durability in your favorite RC cars, and trucks. The Turnigy Rapid range continues this pedigree by using cutting-edge technology to achieve even better performance, greater cycle life, and lower internal resistance. These packs are capable of delivering an incredible discharge rate of 100C! Please note though that these packs have been specially designed for racing, and punch out of corners on a race track, etc, they are not suitable for the prolonged discharge rates that you require for airplanes.

The Turnigy Graphene 1500mAh 2S 7.4V 100C LiPo Battery delivers high-discharge power, low internal resistance and stable output for demanding 2S RC applications. Its compact design and T plug make it ideal for compatible RC cars, planes, helicopters and other lightweight models.